vocabulary

Essential German Vocabulary and Phrases Every Beginner Should Know

πŸ‡©πŸ‡ͺ German · for πŸ‡ΊπŸ‡Έ English speakers ·

Getting Started with Essential German Vocabulary

As a beginner in German, you do not need thousands of words to start communicating. A few hundred well-chosen words and phrases can help you greet people, ask for help, order food, and navigate daily situations. This guide focuses on practical, high-frequency vocabulary with clear English translations and example sentences.

1. Basic German Greetings and Polite Phrases

Common Greetings

These are the first phrases you will use in almost every conversation.

  • Hallo – hello
    Hallo, wie geht es dir? – Hello, how are you? (informal)
  • Guten Morgen – good morning
  • Guten Tag – good day / good afternoon
  • Guten Abend – good evening
  • Gute Nacht – good night
  • TschΓΌss – bye
  • Auf Wiedersehen – goodbye (more formal)

Polite Basics

Politeness is important in German, especially with people you do not know well.

  • Bitte – please / you are welcome
    Ein Wasser, bitte. – A water, please.
    Danke! – Bitte! – Thanks! – You are welcome!
  • Danke – thank you
  • Vielen Dank – many thanks / thank you very much
  • Entschuldigung – excuse me / sorry
    Entschuldigung, wo ist die Toilette? – Excuse me, where is the toilet?
  • Es tut mir leid – I am sorry

Introducing Yourself

  • Wie heißt du? – What is your name? (informal)
  • Wie heißen Sie? – What is your name? (formal)
  • Ich heiße ... – My name is ...
    Ich heiße Anna. – My name is Anna.
  • Ich bin ... – I am ... (also used for names)
    Ich bin Tom. – I am Tom.
  • Freut mich. – Nice to meet you.

2. Essential Question Words

Question words let you ask for information in almost any situation.

  • Wer – who
  • Was – what
  • Wo – where
    Wo ist der Bahnhof? – Where is the train station?
  • Wann – when
  • Warum – why
  • Wie – how
    Wie geht es dir? – How are you? (informal)
  • Wie viel? – how much?
    Wie viel kostet das? – How much does that cost?
  • Welcher / Welche / Welches – which (masc. / fem. / neut.)

3. Numbers, Days, and Time

Numbers 0–12

  • Null – zero
  • Eins – one
  • Zwei – two
  • Drei – three
  • Vier – four
  • FΓΌnf – five
  • Sechs – six
  • Sieben – seven
  • Acht – eight
  • Neun – nine
  • Zehn – ten
  • Elf – eleven
  • ZwΓΆlf – twelve

Useful example:

Ich hΓ€tte gern zwei Kaffee und ein Wasser. – I would like two coffees and one water.

Days of the Week

  • Montag – Monday
  • Dienstag – Tuesday
  • Mittwoch – Wednesday
  • Donnerstag – Thursday
  • Freitag – Friday
  • Samstag / Sonnabend – Saturday
  • Sonntag – Sunday

Am Montag arbeite ich. – I work on Monday.

Basic Time Phrases

  • heute – today
  • morgen – tomorrow
  • gestern – yesterday
  • jetzt – now
  • spΓ€ter – later

Ich komme spΓ€ter. – I am coming later.

4. Survival Phrases for Travel and Daily Life

Getting Around

  • Wo ist ...? – Where is ...?
    Wo ist die U-Bahn? – Where is the subway?
  • Ich suche ... – I am looking for ...
    Ich suche den Bahnhof. – I am looking for the train station.
  • links – left
  • rechts – right
  • geradeaus – straight ahead
  • in der NΓ€he – nearby
  • weit – far

In a Restaurant or CafΓ©

  • Die Speisekarte, bitte. – The menu, please.
  • Ich hΓ€tte gern ... – I would like ...
    Ich hΓ€tte gern ein Bier. – I would like a beer.
  • FΓΌr mich ... – For me ...
    FΓΌr mich einen Kaffee. – For me, a coffee.
  • Die Rechnung, bitte. – The bill, please.
  • Zum hier essen oder zum Mitnehmen? – For here or to take away?
  • zum Mitnehmen – to take away / to go

Shopping and Money

  • Wie viel kostet das? – How much does that cost?
  • Haben Sie ...? – Do you have ...? (formal)
  • Ich mΓΆchte ... kaufen. – I would like to buy ...
  • Bar oder mit Karte? – Cash or card?
  • Ich zahle bar. – I pay in cash.
  • Ich zahle mit Karte. – I pay by card.

5. Core Everyday Vocabulary

Useful Nouns

German nouns are capitalized and have a gender: der (masculine), die (feminine), das (neuter).

  • der Mann – the man
  • die Frau – the woman
  • das Kind – the child
  • die Freunde – the friends
  • das Haus – the house
  • die Wohnung – the apartment
  • die Arbeit – work / job
  • die Schule – school
  • die Stadt – city
  • das Auto – car
  • das Geld – money
  • das Wasser – water
  • das Essen – food

Meine Freunde wohnen in der Stadt. – My friends live in the city.

Common Verbs

These basic verbs allow you to express many ideas.

  • sein – to be
    Ich bin mΓΌde. – I am tired.
  • haben – to have
    Ich habe Zeit. – I have time.
  • gehen – to go
    Ich gehe nach Hause. – I am going home.
  • kommen – to come
    Ich komme aus England. – I come from England.
  • machen – to do / to make
    Was machst du? – What are you doing?
  • mΓΆgen – to like
    Ich mag Kaffee. – I like coffee.
  • wollen – to want
    Ich will schlafen. – I want to sleep.

Adjectives to Describe Things

  • gut – good
  • schlecht – bad
  • groß – big / tall
  • klein – small
  • neu – new
  • alt – old
  • teuer – expensive
  • billig – cheap / inexpensive
  • schΓΆn – beautiful / nice
  • interessant – interesting

Die Stadt ist schΓΆn, aber teuer. – The city is beautiful but expensive.

6. Expressing Needs, Problems, and Preferences

Needs and Help

  • Ich brauche ... – I need ...
    Ich brauche Hilfe. – I need help.
  • Kannst du mir helfen? – Can you help me? (informal)
  • KΓΆnnen Sie mir helfen? – Can you help me? (formal)
  • Ich verstehe nicht. – I do not understand.
  • Ich weiß nicht. – I do not know.

Talking About Language

  • Ich spreche nur ein bisschen Deutsch. – I only speak a little German.
  • Sprechen Sie Englisch? – Do you speak English? (formal)
  • Kannst du das wiederholen? – Can you repeat that? (informal)
  • Langsamer, bitte. – Slower, please.

Likes and Dislikes

  • Ich mag ... – I like ...
    Ich mag Musik. – I like music.
  • Ich mag ... nicht. – I do not like ...
    Ich mag Kaffee nicht. – I do not like coffee.
  • Ich liebe ... – I love ...
  • Ich hasse ... – I hate ...
  • Das ist gut. – That is good.
  • Das ist nicht gut. – That is not good.

7. Short Example Dialogues

At a CafΓ©

Person A: Hallo!
Person B: Hallo! Was mΓΆchten Sie?
Person A: Ich hΓ€tte gern einen Kaffee und ein Wasser, bitte.
Person B: Noch etwas?
Person A: Nein, danke. Wie viel kostet das?
Person B: FΓΌnf Euro, bitte.

English translation:
Person A: Hello!
Person B: Hello! What would you like?
Person A: I would like a coffee and a water, please.
Person B: Anything else?
Person A: No, thanks. How much is that?
Person B: Five euros, please.

Asking for Directions

Person A: Entschuldigung, wo ist der Bahnhof?
Person B: Der Bahnhof ist dort, geradeaus und dann links.
Person A: Vielen Dank!
Person B: Bitte!

English translation:
Person A: Excuse me, where is the train station?
Person B: The train station is there, straight ahead and then left.
Person A: Many thanks!
Person B: You are welcome!

8. How to Learn and Remember These Words

To make this vocabulary stick, try these strategies:

  • Practice short phrases daily instead of long vocabulary lists.
  • Use the words in your own sentences, spoken or written.
  • Label objects at home with German words (for example, die TΓΌr – the door, der Tisch – the table).
  • Repeat key phrases aloud: greetings, restaurant phrases, and questions.

With these essential German words and phrases, you can already survive many everyday situations and build a strong foundation for further learning.