Getting Started with Essential German Vocabulary
As a beginner in German, you do not need thousands of words to start communicating. A few hundred well-chosen words and phrases can help you greet people, ask for help, order food, and navigate daily situations. This guide focuses on practical, high-frequency vocabulary with clear English translations and example sentences.
1. Basic German Greetings and Polite Phrases
Common Greetings
These are the first phrases you will use in almost every conversation.
- Hallo β hello
Hallo, wie geht es dir? β Hello, how are you? (informal)
- Guten Morgen β good morning
- Guten Tag β good day / good afternoon
- Guten Abend β good evening
- Gute Nacht β good night
- TschΓΌss β bye
- Auf Wiedersehen β goodbye (more formal)
Polite Basics
Politeness is important in German, especially with people you do not know well.
- Bitte β please / you are welcome
Ein Wasser, bitte. β A water, please.
Danke! β Bitte! β Thanks! β You are welcome!
- Danke β thank you
- Vielen Dank β many thanks / thank you very much
- Entschuldigung β excuse me / sorry
Entschuldigung, wo ist die Toilette? β Excuse me, where is the toilet?
- Es tut mir leid β I am sorry
Introducing Yourself
- Wie heiΓt du? β What is your name? (informal)
- Wie heiΓen Sie? β What is your name? (formal)
- Ich heiΓe ... β My name is ...
Ich heiΓe Anna. β My name is Anna.
- Ich bin ... β I am ... (also used for names)
Ich bin Tom. β I am Tom.
- Freut mich. β Nice to meet you.
2. Essential Question Words
Question words let you ask for information in almost any situation.
- Wer β who
- Was β what
- Wo β where
Wo ist der Bahnhof? β Where is the train station?
- Wann β when
- Warum β why
- Wie β how
Wie geht es dir? β How are you? (informal)
- Wie viel? β how much?
Wie viel kostet das? β How much does that cost?
- Welcher / Welche / Welches β which (masc. / fem. / neut.)
3. Numbers, Days, and Time
Numbers 0β12
- Null β zero
- Eins β one
- Zwei β two
- Drei β three
- Vier β four
- FΓΌnf β five
- Sechs β six
- Sieben β seven
- Acht β eight
- Neun β nine
- Zehn β ten
- Elf β eleven
- ZwΓΆlf β twelve
Useful example:
Ich hΓ€tte gern zwei Kaffee und ein Wasser. β I would like two coffees and one water.
Days of the Week
- Montag β Monday
- Dienstag β Tuesday
- Mittwoch β Wednesday
- Donnerstag β Thursday
- Freitag β Friday
- Samstag / Sonnabend β Saturday
- Sonntag β Sunday
Am Montag arbeite ich. β I work on Monday.
Basic Time Phrases
- heute β today
- morgen β tomorrow
- gestern β yesterday
- jetzt β now
- spΓ€ter β later
Ich komme spΓ€ter. β I am coming later.
4. Survival Phrases for Travel and Daily Life
Getting Around
- Wo ist ...? β Where is ...?
Wo ist die U-Bahn? β Where is the subway?
- Ich suche ... β I am looking for ...
Ich suche den Bahnhof. β I am looking for the train station.
- links β left
- rechts β right
- geradeaus β straight ahead
- in der NΓ€he β nearby
- weit β far
In a Restaurant or CafΓ©
- Die Speisekarte, bitte. β The menu, please.
- Ich hΓ€tte gern ... β I would like ...
Ich hΓ€tte gern ein Bier. β I would like a beer.
- FΓΌr mich ... β For me ...
FΓΌr mich einen Kaffee. β For me, a coffee.
- Die Rechnung, bitte. β The bill, please.
- Zum hier essen oder zum Mitnehmen? β For here or to take away?
- zum Mitnehmen β to take away / to go
Shopping and Money
- Wie viel kostet das? β How much does that cost?
- Haben Sie ...? β Do you have ...? (formal)
- Ich mΓΆchte ... kaufen. β I would like to buy ...
- Bar oder mit Karte? β Cash or card?
- Ich zahle bar. β I pay in cash.
- Ich zahle mit Karte. β I pay by card.
5. Core Everyday Vocabulary
Useful Nouns
German nouns are capitalized and have a gender: der (masculine), die (feminine), das (neuter).
- der Mann β the man
- die Frau β the woman
- das Kind β the child
- die Freunde β the friends
- das Haus β the house
- die Wohnung β the apartment
- die Arbeit β work / job
- die Schule β school
- die Stadt β city
- das Auto β car
- das Geld β money
- das Wasser β water
- das Essen β food
Meine Freunde wohnen in der Stadt. β My friends live in the city.
Common Verbs
These basic verbs allow you to express many ideas.
- sein β to be
Ich bin mΓΌde. β I am tired.
- haben β to have
Ich habe Zeit. β I have time.
- gehen β to go
Ich gehe nach Hause. β I am going home.
- kommen β to come
Ich komme aus England. β I come from England.
- machen β to do / to make
Was machst du? β What are you doing?
- mΓΆgen β to like
Ich mag Kaffee. β I like coffee.
- wollen β to want
Ich will schlafen. β I want to sleep.
Adjectives to Describe Things
- gut β good
- schlecht β bad
- groΓ β big / tall
- klein β small
- neu β new
- alt β old
- teuer β expensive
- billig β cheap / inexpensive
- schΓΆn β beautiful / nice
- interessant β interesting
Die Stadt ist schΓΆn, aber teuer. β The city is beautiful but expensive.
6. Expressing Needs, Problems, and Preferences
Needs and Help
- Ich brauche ... β I need ...
Ich brauche Hilfe. β I need help.
- Kannst du mir helfen? β Can you help me? (informal)
- KΓΆnnen Sie mir helfen? β Can you help me? (formal)
- Ich verstehe nicht. β I do not understand.
- Ich weiΓ nicht. β I do not know.
Talking About Language
- Ich spreche nur ein bisschen Deutsch. β I only speak a little German.
- Sprechen Sie Englisch? β Do you speak English? (formal)
- Kannst du das wiederholen? β Can you repeat that? (informal)
- Langsamer, bitte. β Slower, please.
Likes and Dislikes
- Ich mag ... β I like ...
Ich mag Musik. β I like music.
- Ich mag ... nicht. β I do not like ...
Ich mag Kaffee nicht. β I do not like coffee.
- Ich liebe ... β I love ...
- Ich hasse ... β I hate ...
- Das ist gut. β That is good.
- Das ist nicht gut. β That is not good.
7. Short Example Dialogues
At a CafΓ©
Person A: Hallo!
Person B: Hallo! Was mΓΆchten Sie?
Person A: Ich hΓ€tte gern einen Kaffee und ein Wasser, bitte.
Person B: Noch etwas?
Person A: Nein, danke. Wie viel kostet das?
Person B: FΓΌnf Euro, bitte.
English translation:
Person A: Hello!
Person B: Hello! What would you like?
Person A: I would like a coffee and a water, please.
Person B: Anything else?
Person A: No, thanks. How much is that?
Person B: Five euros, please.
Asking for Directions
Person A: Entschuldigung, wo ist der Bahnhof?
Person B: Der Bahnhof ist dort, geradeaus und dann links.
Person A: Vielen Dank!
Person B: Bitte!
English translation:
Person A: Excuse me, where is the train station?
Person B: The train station is there, straight ahead and then left.
Person A: Many thanks!
Person B: You are welcome!
8. How to Learn and Remember These Words
To make this vocabulary stick, try these strategies:
- Practice short phrases daily instead of long vocabulary lists.
- Use the words in your own sentences, spoken or written.
- Label objects at home with German words (for example, die TΓΌr β the door, der Tisch β the table).
- Repeat key phrases aloud: greetings, restaurant phrases, and questions.
With these essential German words and phrases, you can already survive many everyday situations and build a strong foundation for further learning.